List of World Bank Policy Research Working Papers—October 2025

The latest insights from the world’s largest working-paper series focused on development economics and developing countries.

October 2025

PEOPLE

WPS11235. What Do Small and Informal Household Enterprises Want? Nicolas Cerkez, Wendy Cunningham, Sarika Gupta, and Felix Lung | Verified Reproducible WPS11239. Promoting Women’s Leadership: What Works, What Doesn’t, and What’s Missing. Francesca Bramucci, Ana María Muñoz Boudet, and Mariana Viollaz WPS11240. Green Product Exports, Domestic Value Added and Trade Policies: Firm-Level Evidence from China. Daria Taglioni, Hiau Looi Kee, and Enze Xie WPS11241. Joint Land Titles and Women’s Status in Uganda. Michelle Poulin and Rachael S. Pierotti WPS11245. From Awareness to Action? Experimental Evidence on Challenges in Reducing School-Related Gender-Based Violence Through a Multi-Component Program in Zambia. Sophia Friedson-Ridenour, Wei Chang, Menaal Ebrahim, Anu Jose, Tara Bedi, Michael King, Musama Obbie, Kahilu Samuyachi, Carla Z Glave Barrantes, and Yenny Chavarria Garcia | Verified Reproducible

PROSPERITY

WPS11225. Stanley Fischer Memorial Lecture: Geopolitics and Development—The World Bank ABCDE Conference. Robert B. Zoellick WPS11226. Green versus Conventional Corporate Debt: From Issuances to Emissions. Juan J. Cortina. Claudio Raddatz, Sergio L. Schmukler, and Tomas Williams WPS11227. Public Procurement and Firms: Evidence from Kenya. Justice Tei Mensah, Peter ChachaWankuru, and Benard K. Kirui WPS11228. The Impact of a Mobile Money Levy on Household Welfare: Evidence from Tanzania. Revocatus Paul and Dhiraj Sharma | Verified Reproducible WPS11230. The Marshall Plan: Then and Now. Davis Kedrosky and Joel Mokyr WPS11232. Access to Capital and Women’s Entrepreneurship. Girum Abebe, Rachel Cassidy, and Toni Weis WPS11233. Public Preferences for Economic Reforms Are Shaped More by Design Than Cost. Christopher Hoy , Yeon Soo Kim, Saad Imtiaz, Ana Maria Rojas Mendez, Moritz Meyer, Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza, Lydia Kim, William Hutchins Seitz, Imane Helmy, Ikuko Uochi, Sering Touray, Juni Singh, Bambang Suharnoko Sjahrir, Utz Pape, Alan Fuchs,Trang Van Nguyen, Defne Gencer, Min A Lee, Akiko Sagesaka, and Ivette Contreras | Verified Reproducible WPS11236. It’s Not (Just) the Tariffs: Rethinking Non-Tariff Measures in a Fragmented Global Economy. Daria Taglioni and Hiau Looi KEE | Verified Reproducible WPS11242. The State of Global Services Trade Policies: Evidence from Recent Data. Laura Baiker, Ingo Borchert, Roberto Echandi, Ana M. Fernandes, Ishrat Hans, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Juan A. Marchetti, and Ester Rubio Colomer | Verified Reproducible WPS11243. Measuring Exposure and Vulnerability to International Trade Shocks. Jean-Francois Arvis, Akanksha Burman, Alvaro Espitia, Jean-Christophe Maur, Nadia Rocha, and Daria Ulybina | Verified Reproducible WPS11246. Advancing the Jobs Agenda: Toward Self-Reliance in Refugee Situations. Zara Sarzin WPS11247. When Does a Village Become a Town? Revisiting Pakistan’s Urbanization Using Satellite Data. Oscar Barriga Cabanillas, Marziya Farooq, Moritz Meyer, and Christina Wieser

PLANET

WPS11234. Process Legitimacy and Development: Analytical Framings, Implications, and Applications. Patrick Barron, Marine Gassier, Meltem Ikindji, and Michael Woolcock | Verified Reproducible WPS11237. Satellite-Based Measures for Tracking Atmospheric CO₂ and CH₄ at National, Subnational, and Urban Scales. Brian Blankespoor, Susmita Dasgupta, and David Wheeler WPS11244. Fast Action for Floods: RCT Evidence on Forecast-based Cash Transfers from Bangladesh and Nepal. Paul Christian, Felipe Dunsch, Jonas Heirman, Erin Kelley, Florence Kondylis, Gregory Lane, Jennifer Waidler, Nidhila Adusumalli, Odbayar Batmunkh, and Kriti Malhotra | Verified Reproducible

INFRASTRUCTURE

WPS11229. Public and Privat e Transit: Evidence from Lagos. Daniel Björkegren, Alice Duhaut, Geetika Nagpal, and Nick Tsivanidis | Verified Reproducible WPS11238. Biodiversity Guidance for Road Corridor Investments: Mobilizing New Data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Susmita Dasgupta, Brian Blankespoor, and David Wheeler | Verified Reproducible

DIGITAL

WPS11231. Who on Earth Is Using Generative AI? Global Trends and Shifts in 2025. Yan Liu, Jingyun Huang, and He Wang | Verified Reproducible

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